How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race

Imagine a world where everyone had brown skin. Tens of thousands of years ago, that was the case, say scientists at Pennsylvania State University. So, how did white people get here? The answer lies in that tricky component of evolution known as a genetic mutation. Out of Africa It has long been assumed in scientific circles that Africa is the cradle of our human civilization​ and that it was there that our  ancestors shed most of their body hair around  2 million years ago. They quickly evolved dark skin for protection from skin cancer and other harmful effects of UV radiation. Then, says a 2005 study conducted at Penn State, when humans began leaving Africa 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, a skin-whitening mutation appeared randomly in a sole individual. That mutation proved advantageous as humans moved into Europe. Why? Because it allowed the migrants increased access to vitamin D, which is crucial to absorbing calcium and keeping bones strong. Sun intensity is great enough in equatorial regions that the vitamin can still be made in dark-skinned people despite the ultraviolet shielding effects of melanin, explains  Rick Weiss of the Washington Post, which reported on the findings.  But in the north, where sunlight is less intense and more clothing must be worn to combat the cold, melanins ultraviolet shielding could have been a liability. Just a Color This makes sense, but did scientists identify as well a bona fide race gene? Hardly. As the Post notes, the scientific community maintains that race is a vaguely defined biological, social and political concept...and skin color is only part of what race is—and is not. Scientists still say that race is more of a social construct than a scientific one because people of the so-called same race have more distinctions in their DNA than people of different races do. In fact, scientists posit that all people are roughly 99.5 percent genetically identical. The Penn State researchers findings on the skin-whitening gene show that skin color accounts  for a minuscule biological difference between humans. The newly found mutation involves a change of just one letter of DNA code out of the 3.1 billion letters in the human genome—the complete instructions for making a human being, the Post reports. Skin Deep When the research was first published, scientists and sociologists feared that the identification of this skin-whitening mutation would lead people to argue that whites, blacks, and others are somehow inherently different.  Keith Cheng, the scientist who led the team of Penn State researchers, wants the public to know thats not so. He told the Post, I think human beings are extremely insecure and look to visual cues of sameness to feel better, and people will do bad things to people who look different. His statement captures what racism is in a nutshell. Truth be told, people may look different, but theres virtually no difference in our genetic makeup. Skin color really is just skin deep. Not so Black and White Scientists at Penn State continue to explore the genetics of skin color. In  a study published in Science on October 12, 2017, researchers report their findings of even greater variants in skin color genes among native Africans. Such diversity, says  evolutionary geneticist Sarah Tishkoff, the lead author of the study, likely means that we cant even speak of an African race, much less a white one.

The Nile River Essay - 1578 Words

Despite the large size of the African continent and the many geographical factors that encompass it, there is seemingly one stream of water that virtually everyone in the world knows, the Nile River. What most do not know is that the Nile originates from two separate locations, with two major tributaries. The tributary in the east, the Blue Nile, begins from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and the tributary in the west, the White Nile, begins in Uganda. Both travel hundreds of miles until they reach their confluence in Khartoum, Sudan, where they merge into the mighty Nile River. Similar to this idea of two smaller distinct rivers forming one larger and more recognizable one is the relationship between the local and the global in African-American history. Just as the White and Blue Niles come together to form the imperative Nile river, the U.S. based Civil Rights Movement and the struggle for freedom in colonial states across the world are two imperative parts of a struggle against oppression. The authors of the readings present the idea that the local and the global are two necessary parts of whole, filled with intertwining events and aspects. In this essay, I will discuss the mutually beneficial goals of the domestic civil rights movement international movements abroad, along with how they affected one another. Although we often focus on African-American history in a domestic sense, global anti-colonial pan-African goals are tightly inter-related with civil rights movement,Show MoreRelatedThe Nile River984 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided to settle in the lower Nile river valley where they adapted to a lifestyle of farming. These settlers discovered the various uses of the Nile River, created a form of government and society, a working life, and certain religious beliefs. The Nile River was used for several more things than just water supply. Egypt was a land where rain seldom fell, so the Nile was the main resource for everything. The essential use of it was agriculture. Water of the Nile flooded the land between the hillsRead MoreThe Nile River-Egypt1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nile River is arguably one of the most important water sources in the world and has an extremely rich history dating back thousands of years. Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization would have never existed. Egypt is basically a whole lot of sand and not much else, except they have the Nile River flowing through it, on it’s way to the Mediterranean sea. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River and it provided them with abundant water, food (fish) and the opportunity to developRead MoreThe Nile River Essay3257 Words   |  14 PagesThe Nile River The Nile is 6,690 km long, extending through 35 degrees of latitude as it flows from south to north. Its basin covers approximately one-tenth of the African continent, with a catchment area of 3,007,000 km ², which is shared by eight countries: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Zaire. Its main sources are found in Ethiopia and the countries around Lake Victoria. All alongRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Nile River733 Words   |  3 Pagesthriving civilisation based along the banks of the Nile River. Developing a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet is proof of their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. They developed a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet. This is proof of their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. The Nile River attracted animal life such as birds and fishRead MoreThe Ways Of The Nile River1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nile River was important for the rise of successful states in North Africa not only because it provided a form of transportation but it also provided the land with water and nutrients which allowed for a very successful agriculture. The Nile River flows through Egypt, Zaire, Rwanda, Tanzanian, Sudan, Ethopia, Kenya, Uganda and Burundi and i s the largest river in the world. North Africa is composed of six countries, which include Western Sahara, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and LibyaRead MoreExamination of the Nile River652 Words   |  3 Pagesthe influence of the Nile river on ancient Egypt shows that geography and environment play significant roles in the development and interaction of the societies found within them. The ancient historian Herodotus even referred to Egypt as the gift of the Nile (Hanna). This is true at the most fundamental level: without the Nile most of Egypt would be a nearly uninhabitable desert. However, this claim is true on many more levels as well. Water was not the only gift that the Nile brought. Its yearlyRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesMesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"between two rivers.† The landRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Nile River1287 Words   |  6 Pagesgeography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-m ile stretch of the Nile. Every year, the Nile flooded because of heavy precipitation to the south and brought fertile soil to the Egyptians. But the Nile wasn t the only geographic feature that that helped and benefitted the EgyptiansRead MoreNile River : The Major Source Of Water And Soils1165 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Nile River is the major source of water and soils in Egypt. Silt is the main soil component of it. The Nile is one of the international rivers; it passes through ten countries in Africa, and divided into two branches; Rosetta and Damietta at the end. Hydro-geochemical study of Rosetta branch was done. The geochemical processes which control the water quality and its suitability for drinking, fishing and irrigation purposes was evaluated. Thus the hydro-environmental status is studied. FifteenRead MoreHow Did The Nile River Affect Ancient Egypt833 Words   |  4 Pages The Nile River shaped the civilization of Ancient Egypt in many different and important ways, which includes agriculturally, geographically, and economically. It allowed them to grow crops in the harsh Sahara Desert. The Nile River determined where the Egyptians made their cities and settlements. It also allowed them to form a civilization with a booming economy when there was still wooly mammoths roaming the Earth. Th e Nile River was an essential in order for both ancient and modern Egypt to form

Sisters, Sisters free essay sample

Having a sister is both a gift and a curse anyway you look at it. A sister is great to have because no matter where you go or what you do, you will always have a best friend and mentor. And because she’s family, your sister has to accept you for who you are. Later in life, you realize that your sister has basically become a part of you.† On the downside, having a sister also means unfair comparisons and sharing the spotlight. If your sister is a show-off, like mine, you look forward to the day she finally moves into a college dorm. You think your life will be bliss. But suddenly you see your best friend isn’t around anymore. And you realize that having her back is worth more than anything in the world. It’s just as they say, you don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone. We will write a custom essay sample on Sisters, Sisters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because I grew up with a sister, I was never too concerned with making friends at school. Whether I had friends or not, I still had my sister. I could tell her anything, literally. When we couldn’t sleep, we used to meet up and talk for hours. And because we lived with each other our whole life, we had thousands of inside jokes that no one else would understand. My sister and I even have many of the same interests, which includes watching detective shows. We always loved pretending to be FBI agents when our parents weren’t home or someone was at the door. You could even say we kept an eye on our neighborhood, by watching out for any â€Å"strange activity.† My sister is also my tutor and mentor. I always ask her about certain classes or teachers because she already had them. And because she’s my sister, she would always help me with my homework. Academically, she’s a great role model, which makes her the best tutor I could ever ask for. But in the real world, she makes mistakes, just like everyone else; and I learn from them; now I know to NEVER buy a motor scooter. In a way, older sisters are like prototypes; they go through everything first so you know exactly what to do. Now that we’ve both gotten older, I have realized that sisters can be somewhat of a pain. I can remember all the times my sister has manipulated, and made fun of me as we were growing up. But then again, whose sibling hasn’t done that to them? In my family, academics are really important. Exhibit A: my sister. Everyone knows what a genius she is. That’s great and all, but now I have to live under her shadow. I will always be compared to her just because she’s my sister. On top of all that, my sister is a show-off. Whether she’s making cookies or taking an AP test, she must do better than everyone else AND rub it in their face. This â€Å"trait† of hers has made me a shy person, always able to entertain myself. But on the up side, it has also made me the kind and humble person I am today. For the few months that my sister was applying to college, I began to hate her. Everything was about her†¦Susie this, Susie that. She had my parents working on financial aid forms for weeks! So I couldn’t wait till the day we finally moved her in to her dorm. But only after a few weeks of her being gone did I realize the sad part of her going to college; I don’t have my best friend with me wherever I go. Now I have to deal with the annoying cousins on my own. She’s not there to answer any questions I have about school. She’s not there when I can’t sleep. She’s not even there when I just want to play outside. So I guess the saying is true, you don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone. For all the bad memories I have of my sister, there are twice as many good ones, filled with jokes, laughs, and fun times. Having a sister shapes who you are as a person. My showy and driven sister has made me tolerant and humble. When you have a sister you get along with, it’s hard to find a friend that can fill that void. As Barbara Mathis once said, â€Å"Your sister is your other self. She is your alter ego, your reflection, your foil, your shadow.†

E Business Technology And Its Application - Free Sample Solution

Question: Select a new (developed/implemented from 2012/onwards) E-Business Technology/Application. Discuss the key advantageous features of the technology/application when compared with the alternatives available. As well as the key advantages, identify and discuss key limitations of the technology as well as the risks associated with its implementation. Answer: Executive Summary The report manly focuses on the modern technologies and applications that has been implemented in the ecommerce business for the ease of the customers as well as organizations. This report has focused on the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technology such as ContentTECH, X-Cart 4.6.6 and Oracle Cloud Marketplace extensively. Introduction With the increase in penetration of internet and availability online shopping sites, the E- Business is flourishing day by day and is adopting new technologies for the welfare of the customers and the companies. The adaptations of new technologies help in making the companies more presentable and tech savvy for competiting with the modern world (Du, 2013). Due to the vast availability of internet and usage of Smartphones the rush of using online shopping sites have it has increased to a considerable rate. In order to stay in competition, the companies are working hard to implement modern applications and technology for the benefit of the customers (Polgar Adamson, 2013). This report will be dealing with the implementation or development of some modern technology or application in the areas such as E-Marketing, Online shopping Carts and Mobile Communication. The advantages, disadvantages and key limitations of the technologies along with comparism with the alternative technologies will also be done. E- Marketing With the introduction of Content marketing technique, evolution of ContentTECH technology has taken place that helped E-marketing in reaching a new era of modernization. This is because; according to Guo (2012) this is a technique that helps in providing relevant, valuable and upgraded content for attracting the well defined customers with an intention to make profit from customers. It is basically an ability of communication with the customers without selling anything and is a non interrupting marketing process. Through this process, only information of the products and services are given to the customers making them intelligent and wise to make a wise decision. Companies such as Microsoft, Cisco Systems etc. have adopted Content marketing as an upgraded technology for their business (Shen, 2013). Advantages of Content TECH ContentTECH helps in making money- This is because; it is widely used among technology marketers and is a non interrupting technology. Vasileiadis (2014) commented on the fact that it only provides information about the products and services to the customer thereby asking them to decide wisely for purchase. The customers after getting all the information becomes emotionally attached to the organization and hence ends up buying products and services from it. So, according to Blasco-Arcas, Hernandez-Ortega Jimenez-Martinez (2013) this technology helps in getting emotionally bonded to the customers that motivates the customers to buy products and services from the organizations. This ultimately helps in gaining profits from the customers and also helps in increasing customer database. Helps in pulling up unexpected new customers- Through application of this technology, it helps in attracting a huge customer database consisting of old customers as well as new unexpected customers. Saldanha Krishnan (2012) had a view that through this technique the organization needs to keep itself active in the blogging section and social media sites where updates regarding the hot offers and discounts can be displayed. Cheaper compared to other alternative marketing forms and no force marketing- According to Smythe (2012) usage of this technique makes shopping easier and cheaper in compared to other forms of marketing. The customers come to know about the market prices of the product, get authentic information regarding the products and services and can later buy it. The customers only need to invest some of their precious time, patience and effort for a better return. In addition to this, Kauffman Tallon (2014) using this technology, the organization never forces the customers for the products and services rather than giving information. This gives the customers a relaxation to from getting forced and thereby feels pleased which leads to buying products from those e-commerce organizations. Helps in building relationship with the customers- Since, this technology is quite clear and transparent and enriches the customers with knowledge and experience, it easily makes a good and a reliable relationship with the customers. Zhong (2013) had commented on the fact that this relationship helps the company in gaining profit and customers and thereby makes the company competitive in nature. Limitations and risks of ContentTECH Risk of duplicity- When a company uses content marketing technique there is always a fear of getting the content duplicated by the other sites (Xu, 2013). Maybe the other sites are using the same content but the search engine fails to recognize the actual source of the content. Inconsistent- Another major disadvantage is that the marketing output doesnt always reflect the requirements and identification of the company (Burinskiene Burinskas, 2012). This inconsistency can lead to the failure of content marketing. Online Shopping Carts Now days the trend of selling products and services over the internet became a major part of e-commerce. According to Yu Liu (2014) in order to keep a pace with the changing technology based competitive business, new technologies regarding online shopping carts has emerged. It is believed that good and innovative shopping cart software can attract the customers and can help in making half the business for a company. A new version of the technology of online shopping cart named X-Cart 4.6.6 has emerged for improving the old online shopping cart and has a lot many features for attracting the customers (Du, 2013). Advantages of X-Cart 4.6.6 online shopping carts Affordable rates- This technology has helped the users in reaching a new technology based era of online shopping. Guo (2012) had commented that the prices are quiet competitive and affordable to the users in comparism to Oscommerce MS2.2 which takes both money and time for installation of the add-ons. This makes the shopping much easier and comfortable. In addition this, the maintenance cost is also low which is also an added flavor to the users. Moreover, according to Vasileiadis (2014) there are awesome design templates that have been added to the new version where the users can choose the template from a wide range and can start customizing it. This low price of this technology in this competitive world makes it easily attractive to the customers. Highest security and fast process- The technology is quite secure and reliable to the users. The software is quite fast and can run on any server which is in contrast to Magneto which runs quite slow. Moreover Polgar Adamson (2013) had a view that the latest version of X-Cart 4.6.6 runs nearly 5 times more than the previous versions. It is so designed that it is commercially supported and maintains a high level of security of the user data. This maintenance of data integrity makes it more consumable and reliable to the users. In addition to this, presence of number of payment gateways like Google Checkout PayPal etc helps in secure shopping (Shen, 2013). So, in this tech savvy world, where data security has become a main issue, there this software gives a huge priority to the data integration which helps it to make a position among the customers. Attractive user-interface and easy to understand- X-Cart is very simple to use and has no complexity at all in comparism to other shopping carts such as Magento which is an overly engineered complex system. According to Saldanha Krishnan (2012) the users having no idea of programming can easily set up the store according to the necessities. This is because, no changes in coding is necessary rather than selecting the skin that suits best in the admin. In addition to this using the modern tools of the software, the user can easily modify the shopping cart. These features help in increasing the customer database of this technology. Easy Customization- X-Cart can be easily customized and the options of customizations are unlimited but that doesnt expect to have technical knowledge of the users to use it to the fullest. Smythe (2012) commented on the fact that this is an added advantage compare to other online shopping carts such as 3D Cart where users cant access the source code which limits their customization options. Moreover, the updated version has an additional application that supports global languages and easily converts the currency of different countries thereby helping the business in getting global (Smythe 2012). These lucrative features made the software hold a prestigious position in the e-business. Figure 1: Customer Preference (Source: Burinskiene Burinskas, 2012, pp. 48) Limitations and risks of X-Cart 4.6.6 online shopping carts Licensing fees for the system- The main limitation of this shopping cart is that it will get technical support but it is paid. In addition to this, according to Smythe (2012) the licensing fees are quite high along with the high installation charges. The upgrading of the software makes it more vulnerable to hack and the upgrading path becomes harder. Mobile Communication/Business Technologies In this modern era of technology, mobiles play a pivotal role in e-business. This is because, it is the easiest and less time consuming method adopted by the companies to get connected to the customers. Yu Liu (2014) commented on the fact that with the introduction of cloud computing, the business technologies have reached a new era of modernization. Oracle Cloud Marketplace is a technology that is introduced by Oracle has a lot of business application that can be used through android based mobile phones, tablets and iPhones. By using this application, the Oracle partners can easily reach their Oracle customers. Advantages of Oracle Cloud Marketplace Easy to use and secure- This technology is quite easy to use since it is a technology in the global market where the partners can easily publish applications. The customers can browse through it and get new solutions that will be best fitted to their business. In addition to this, according to Hwang, Fox Dongarra (2012) the Oracle Cloud marketplace helps the customers in finding, evaluating and buying new and innovative applications. The application can be used for growing the business to a prestigious level and also enables the users to get access, develop and publish as well as monetize the applications. In addition to this, Smythe (2012) had commented that Oracle Cloud marketing secures the data of the customers and helps in maintaining data integrity which is also an added advantage of this technology. This helps in attracting a lot of customers to utilize this technology and increases it customer database. Have lot of applications and helps in marketing- A lot many features of this technology have made it lucrative to the customers. Zhong (2013) commented on the fact that the applications such as lead generation, reporting, channel management, quoting, productivity tools, forecasting, compensation management, sales etc has made this technology in growing their business and reach a competitive edge. Moreover, according to Smythe (2012) this technology also has its application in infrastructure services and social platforms. This ultimately makes the technology gain a prestigious position among the customers and help them in getting full control on E-business. Disadvantages of Oracle Cloud Marketplace Costly in nature- Though the technology finds a huge application in the e-commerce business of the organizations, the major disadvantage of it is its high cost of implementation in the business (Zhong, 2013). In addition to this, the cost of maintenance is also high. For this, reason, many of the customers are giving a second thought on installation of this technology. Recommendations Along with the innovation of upgraded technologies and applications, the e-business is also getting modernized. The new technologies and applications have helped the e-business of the organizations in reaching a competitive edge. It is seen that the modern technologies have both pros and cons. The organizations dealing with the innovation of these technologies and applications need to put more focus on the data security, duplicity, easy usage and cost of using it. This is because, the customers are leaned towards those technologies which are easy to use, cost effective and keep their data integrated and safe. Conclusion Throughout this report it is discussed about the modern technologies and applications that are invented and integrated into the e-commerce business for the ease of the customers. In addition to this, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technology and application are discussed elaborately and vividly. This helps in showing where the applications and technologies find their utilization the best and which areas they are lagging behind and still need to be improved in order to give a full satisfaction to the e-commerce organizations and the customers. Reference List Books Du, Z. (2013)Intelligence computation and evolutionary computation, Berlin: Springer Hwang, K., Fox, G., Dongarra, J. (2012) Distributed and cloud computing, Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann Kauffman, R. Tallon, P. (2014)Economics, Information Systems, and Electronic Commerce, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis Xu, B. (2013)2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Management Science (ICITMS 2012) proceedings, Berlin: Springer Zhong, S. (2013)Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Cybernetics and Informatics, New York, NY: Springer Polgar, J. Adamson, G. (2013) Web portal design, implementation, integration, and optimization, Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global Journals Blasco-Arcas, L., Hernandez-Ortega, B. Jimenez-Martinez, J. (2013) Adopting television as a new channel for e-commerce: The influence of interactive technologies on consumer behavior,Electron Commer Res,13(4), 457-475 Burinskiene, A. Burinskas, A. (2012) Consumer Demand: E-Commerce or Traditional Technologies,Ecoman, 17(3), pp. 45-63 Guo, M. (2012) A Comparative Study on Consumer Right to Privacy in E-Commerce,ME,03(04), pp. 78-84 Saldanha, T. Krishnan, M. (2012) Organizational Adoption of Web 2.0 Technologies: An Empirical Analysis,Journal of Organizational Computing And Electronic Commerce,22(4), 301-333 Shen, H. (2013) An Exploration of Information Push Technologies in E-Commerce, AMR,pp.756-759 Smythe, R. (2012) Practical aspects of modern interferometry for optical manufacturing quality control: Part 2,Advanced Optical Technologies,1(3), pp. 57-68 Vasileiadis, A. (2014) Security Concerns and Trust in the Adoption of M-Commerce,Social Technologies,4(1), 179-191 Yu, J. Liu, W. (2014) New Information and Communication Technologies' Application Process and Pattern of Commerce,AMM,530-531, 743-750

The Social Psychology of Health

Introduction From the olden days of human evolution, people have faced different challenges in the society. Nations encounter various challenges that directly or indirectly affect the economic standards of a country. These challenges vary from one individual to another and from one country to another. Vandiver (62) argues that some challenges faced by societies are natural while others are human created.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Psychology of Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These challenges may include outbreak of chronic diseases, poverty, increase in crimes and disabilities among others. These challenges strongly affect human life and their social relations in a given society. An individual with a chronic disease that is incurable has to learn on how to leave with it. Similarly, those with disabilities have to find a way to cope with the disability if the situation is beyond human cont rol. According to Molloy (75), natural environment puts some people in some life threatening situations and people, societies and countries have to adapt to the situation in order to continue living. Different scholars have come up with several theories and perspectives that can help the society overcome and learn on how to cope with different life challenges. Some of these perspectives and theories include the Coping-succumbing framework, Insider-outsider distinction, and Adjustment to misfortune perspectives. This paper seeks explore the utility and applicability of coping-succumbing framework to misfortune perspective in comparison to the other two mentioned perspectives, in explaining adaptation process following a chronic disease and disability and delivery of services within a rehabilitation center. Comparison of adjustment to misfortune perspective with other two perspectives According to Marinelli (83), misfortunes always happen in life. Some come and leave while others come to stay. According to this scholar, these misfortunes can be life threatening if not positively taken. In the case of disabilities and chronic diseases, man is deprived the ability to easily work to earn a leaving. Most of the victims end up depending on the society for survival. However, some families and societies are unfriendly to people with disabilities and other chronic diseases. Some societies treat such people in isolation while in others such people are perceived outcasts.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such unfriendly environments cause psychological torture to these unfortunate people in the society. Comparing the three perspectives mentioned above, the coping-Succumbing framework best suits in addressing a society succumbed by such misfortunes. The Insider-outsider distinction perspective in social applications brings out the normal, healthy, educated, and wealthy to be in a better placed than the uneducated, sick, disabled, and other less fortunate members of the society. Instead of placing some people in better positions than others, the coping-succumbing framework perspective explains that since misfortunes are part of life, people affected in the community should learn the best ways of adjusting to them when they occur so that they do not affect the social relationships and interactions with the social-physical environment. The adjustment to misfortune may also be used in addressing victims of misfortunes. It explains that n once faced by misfortunes one needs accept and adjust to them. However, the theory places the victim in a very an awkward state of asking the why questions. The room of asking ‘the why’ questions causes torture to the victim. The theory gives the victim a chance to ask questions that none can respond to appropriately. The victim of for example, disability may feel unwanted and a burden to the society. Alt hough the theory applies the idea of religion, which is very important to the victim in accepting the unfortunate state, the fact that it gives the victim a personal chance to such for the cause and meaning of the misfortune makes it not effective. In comparison to the two other perspectives, coping-succumbing framework perspective remains more applicable. This is because of its ability to explore the coping mechanisms in adapting to misfortunes in life. This theory creates clear environment for the victim to accept and appreciate the misfortune as part of life, thereby responding through developing ways to adapt and cope with the misfortune. Utility of the perspective in explaining and predicting the process of chronic illness and disability adaptation From the discussion above it is clear that the perspective of coping-succumbing framework can be well applied in explaining and predicting the process of chronic illness and disability adaptation. The theory entails examining of the misfortune and defining the relevant psychosocial mechanisms for coping and adapting to the situation. In this theory, the psychosocial management starts from the onset of the disease or disability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Psychology of Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It explains what affects many victims of chronic illness and disability is stress on the realization of their state. This perspective first gives the stress coping mechanisms to the victim. The theory offers the coping properties that include adoption of behaviors that are purposeful and flexible, realization of the present life and future as well and introduction of the victims to the reality of the situation. These coping properties accompanied by several ways to encourage them accept and appreciate themselves. Their role in the society is highly valued and appreciated. This theory also involves the removal of all barri ers to that may limit the interaction of the victims with both the physical and social environment. By so doing, the social and physical interaction of the victim with the environment is not affected in any way. This theory clearly outlines the dangers of succumbing to chronic diseases. Succumbing is strongly discouraged because it makes an individual have the inability mentality a situation that can worsen the victim’s situation leading death or other complex situations. According to Vandiver (47), infection with chronic disease or having a disability does not mean lack of ability to achieve. The scholar points out clearly that though disabled or sick man must leave. Such victims still have the capacity and potential to achieve as much as any other person can. This theory helps individuals in the society to prepare and predict the occurrence of chronic diseases and disability in the society. How this perspective can be applied to service delivery within rehabilitation facili ties In rehabilitation facilities, it is always important to apply the most appropriate theory that that can help the disabled and those with chronic illness. In rehabilitation centers, one factor that management must know how to deal with is self-pity. The victims would develop the ‘why me’ feeling. Such a complaining heart will make one develop a negative attitude towards almost everything that is within their surroundings. According to Molloy (94), Coping-succumbing framework is the most appropriate strategy that can be used to handle these victims. An individual suffering from a chronic disease should be made to appreciate the fact that the condition does not change his or her social standing.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, an individual who is disabled should be made to appreciate his or her condition. This theory holds that once one cannot cope with his or her condition, then he or she shall succumb. This theory employs the notion that one should be positive about his or her condition. According to Nuovo (121), people who are suffering from chronic diseases may develop denial mechanisms towards their condition. In such cases, such people would start withdrawing to themselves. Withdrawal of such people may act against their developmental process within the rehabilitation centers. According to Miller (72), within the rehabilitation centers, the main aim is always to find a correctional mechanism that will make the patient improve and feel comfortable. Some of the diseases cannot be curable. When a patient suffers from such condition, he needs to accept the condition. This is what this theory holds. According to Marinelli (83), most rehabilitation centers have experienced cases where a pat ient or a person suffering from a disability commits suicide. This is a clear case of inability of an individual to accept his or her new condition. This is very common when such a person develops the condition when he or she has advanced in age. Such people develop the feeling that they have become useless. They feel that they can no longer make positive contributions that they were making before, and therefore, believe that they are not fit to live. They would cut their lives short either to avoid being a burden to their families, or to escape the experience that people with such disabilities live with. When this happens, such a person shall be considered to have succumbed to his or her condition Rehabilitation facilities should eliminate such cases. These centers should be source of hope to the disabled and those suffering from chronic diseases. They should be made to feel that they have a bright future ahead of them. They should realize that their contribution to the society rem ains very important, and that they will always be an asset to their families other than liabilities. This is what the coping strategy proposes in this framework. First, the person must come to appreciate his or her condition. If the condition can be changed for the better, he or she should be made to realize that the ability to get better depends on their effort they make to come out of the condition. If the condition cannot be changed, then they have to appreciate the fact that that is their condition and life must continue. The most important factor in that case will be to determine how to cope with the condition. Coping with the condition will depend with the willingness of the individual to cope with this condition, and the effort that people around him or her put to elevate the condition of the patient. People who are disabled hate being sympathized with by others. According to Lubkin (17), when one sympathizes with a lame person, the person will develop the feeling that he or she cannot make it through in life. The person will feel that his or her life is ruined. This will make them feel self-pity. This does not help in elevating the condition. As Kasperson (117) observes, the rehabilitation facilities should be places where the disabled and people suffering from chronic diseases can draw their challenge. These people should be made to feel that they have a potential that cannot be tied down by their condition. This way, the will have a vision beyond their disability. They will feel that life does continue even with the disease or the disability. They will strive to meet the challenge posed, and this is one of the best ways of managing chronic diseases and disability. The rehabilitation facility should revive hope in these people. In order to achieve this, there should be people with such disabilities or chronic diseases that must have succeeded in some areas that should be invited to give motivational speech. According to Hinshaw (78), coping with chron ic disease and disabilities requires a medicine of the heart. It requires the individual to tune the mind to success. He or she should get convinced that the condition is not in any way, interfering with their capacity to achieve their desires in life. This will be the role of the motivational speaker. They will identify with them, and believe that they can lead successful lives with their disability. Conclusion Chronic diseases and disability are challenges that a person can face at any stage in life. However, it is always a big challenge to accept the condition, especially when one acquires it when he is older. Such an individual would consider life meaningless, and if not taken care of in a proper manner, then he or she can succumb to the condition. The society, and especially the rehabilitation centers, should be able to help these individuals cope with their condition. They should be made to feel that there is a lot to achieve in life despite their new condition. Works Cited Hi nshaw, Stephen. The Mark of Shame: Stigma of Mental Illness and an Agenda for Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Kasperson, Jeanne. The Social Contours of Risk: 1. London: Earthscan, 2005. Print. Lubkin, Ilene. Chronic Illness: Impact and Interventions. Burlington: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2013. Print. Marinelli, Robert. The Psychological and Social Impact of Disability. New York: Springer Pub. Co, 1999. Print. Miller, Thomas. Handling Construction Defect Claims: Western States. Gaithersburg: Aspen Law Business, 1999. Print. Molloy, Susan. Handling It: You and Your Long-Term Disease. Melbourne: Hill of Content, 1995. Print. Nuovo, Jim. Chronic Disease Management. New York: Springer, 2007. Print. Vandiver, Vikki. Integrating Health Promotion and Mental Health: An Introduction to Policies, Principles, and Practices. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. This essay on The Social Psychology of Health was written and submitted by user D0m1n0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Donald Judd

Donald Judd Minimalist Artist I have compared Donald Judd’s works with Richard Serra’s works. They are both Minimalist artists and they mostly use similar matrerial. Both of the artists think of the context before making the installation. They then tell a workshop or a factory about this installation. For example what it will look like, what the material will be and how big it will be. Then the workshop or the factory creates the installations and hands it to the artists. Later according to their sizes the installations are transported to the areas which they will be presented. The difference between the two artists is that Donald Judd usually created really small sculptures compared to Richard Serra’s installations. Judd’s works are usually mounted on walls inside galleries whereas Serra’s sculptures are placed at public spaces such as squares and plazas. The reason for these two artist to make someone else to create their work rather than making them themselves is that these installations are usually made of metal which is hard to craft. Judd usually used aluminum, steel, plexiglass, plywood and concrete. Serra used steel and other metal types. The â€Å"Untitled†, (1969-91) series of Donald Judd is mostly made of aluminum and plexiglass. These installations usually consist of straight lines and simple geometric shapes forming boxlike sculptures which has volume. Richard Serra’s installations usally consist of rusted steel sheets. He usually bends them and places them upright. His most known sculpture is the â€Å"Tilted Arc†, (1981) which was placed at a plaza in front of the New York City Hall. The rusty sheet was drawing an arc and weighed 73 tons. This example of Serra’s work shows us that he gives a volume by giving it an arc to one side. This arc also helps the structure to resist gravity and collapse. In his other work â€Å"Torqued Ellipses†, he has several steel sheets transformed into ellipses. These ... Free Essays on Donald Judd Free Essays on Donald Judd Donald Judd Minimalist Artist I have compared Donald Judd’s works with Richard Serra’s works. They are both Minimalist artists and they mostly use similar matrerial. Both of the artists think of the context before making the installation. They then tell a workshop or a factory about this installation. For example what it will look like, what the material will be and how big it will be. Then the workshop or the factory creates the installations and hands it to the artists. Later according to their sizes the installations are transported to the areas which they will be presented. The difference between the two artists is that Donald Judd usually created really small sculptures compared to Richard Serra’s installations. Judd’s works are usually mounted on walls inside galleries whereas Serra’s sculptures are placed at public spaces such as squares and plazas. The reason for these two artist to make someone else to create their work rather than making them themselves is that these installations are usually made of metal which is hard to craft. Judd usually used aluminum, steel, plexiglass, plywood and concrete. Serra used steel and other metal types. The â€Å"Untitled†, (1969-91) series of Donald Judd is mostly made of aluminum and plexiglass. These installations usually consist of straight lines and simple geometric shapes forming boxlike sculptures which has volume. Richard Serra’s installations usally consist of rusted steel sheets. He usually bends them and places them upright. His most known sculpture is the â€Å"Tilted Arc†, (1981) which was placed at a plaza in front of the New York City Hall. The rusty sheet was drawing an arc and weighed 73 tons. This example of Serra’s work shows us that he gives a volume by giving it an arc to one side. This arc also helps the structure to resist gravity and collapse. In his other work â€Å"Torqued Ellipses†, he has several steel sheets transformed into ellipses. These ...

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty Term Paper

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty - Term Paper Example he issue of death penalty or the so-called â€Å"capital punishment† (from the Latin word ‘capitalis’ to describe â€Å"that which related to life, by which life is endangered†) [1] and how it has changed over time. Capital punishment has already been practiced since the ancient times. In Genesis 9.5-6, we find: â€Å"If anyone takes human life, he will be punished. Human beings were made like God, so whoever murders one of them will be killed by someone else.† [2] This was the very first formal declaration of the penalty of death ever recorded in the Judeo-Christian history. When the Israelites journeyed from Egypt to the Sinaitic Peninsula, the Lord gave them a code of legislation (mostly found in Exodus 21) (Ibid.) which prescribed death as the penalty for some acts: murder (Ex. 21.12); willful assault upon the parents of an offender (Ex. 21.15); kidnapping (Ex. 21.16); cursing someone’s parents (Ex. 21.17), etc. The Bible has mentioned several accounts where death has been a crucial part of legislation in the ancient times. But it has some exceptions in as much as it is strictly imposed: â€Å"But if it was an accident and he did not mean to kill him, he can escape to a place which I will choose for you and there he will be safe.† (Ex. 21.13) Thinking that death penalty is intrinsically evil, most people probably do not realize that it is legal and therefore say that it is â€Å"not approved† by the Church. On the contrary, the Church has a long history of approving it. In his City of God (Book 1, Ch. 21), St. Augustine of Hippo deems the imposition of death penalty as â€Å"not contrary† to the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill† and signifies approval of death penalty based on certain exceptions [3]. By this statement, St. Augustine mentions about God’s â€Å"explicit commission to an individual for a limited time,† (Ibid.) thereby exempting the individual from the killing â€Å"since the agent of authority is but a sword in the hand and is not

What is a hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is a hero - Essay Example As Nanda would put it, a hero need not be somebody of dignified importance, a common man be a hero (1). A hero can come in many different shapes and sizes. Male or female, child or elderly, family member or a complete stranger, there is no limit to who can be someone’s hero and anyone can â€Å"fit as aptly into the category as a king or an eli† (Nanda 1). In the selections that were read, hero came in various forms and even in unusual way. Perhaps, the closest to the stereotype of hero is the character of Hard Rock in the poem â€Å"Hard Rock Returns to Prison† by Etheridge Knight, where a tough guy is type casted to the typical mold of a hero. He is a big black man from prison that everyone knows as being rough and tough. He was â€Å"known to take no shit from nobody.† ( Etheridge Knight, 194) he would whoop on anyone who said anything bad towards anyone. So the other prisoners looked at him as their hero. One had said â€Å"he had been our Destroyer, the doer of things we dreamed of doing but could not bring ourselves to do.† (Etheridge Knight, 195). In a way they all looked up to him, because he had the courage to do and stick up for what he believed in. Heroes need not to be as tough as Hard Rock also. They can be as gentle as our mothers but can become a hero in someone else’s eyes. This was the case in the short story â€Å"The Train from Hate† there is a completely different type of hero. The hero is a young boy’s mother where her character was not necessarily as tough and popular as Knight’s Hard Rock but rather of someone with steely disposition. This was evident when they were kicked off the train for being colored. Instead of causing a big scene she simply gets off. The boy was very upset they had to do this but she explained to him carefully it is has nothing to do with them. â€Å"She assured me that the conductor was not superior because he was white, and I was not inferior because I was black.† (John Hope Franklin

Evaluating Performance DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating Performance DB - Essay Example The formula to calculate return of equity is net income divided by stockholders equity. An investor evaluating return on equity is looking for a highest return on equity possible. In order to determine if the return on equity of a company or project is good an analyst must compare the company’s return on equity with the industry standard. A good source to find information about the financial metric industry standard is Dun & Bradstreet database. Utilizing return of equity to evaluate oversee projects has its advantages and disadvantages. Return on equity is good performance metric because it is very straight forward as far as being an indicator that can be used to compare between different projects. It is a metric that can be easily calculated by looking at a company’s financial statements. This financial ratio allows an investor to determine the overall efficiency of the company or project being evaluated. Some of the drawbacks associated with utilizing return of equity to evaluate an oversee project is that the formula to calculate the ratio relies on the validity of the financial information provided to the investor. In certain foreign nations corruption is big part of corporate business, thus tricks such as write downs can distort the numbers. A factor that can lead to misinterpretation of data when evaluating the return on equity metric in the international scene is inflation. Internal rate of return is a financial metric that provides insight regarding if a project is worth investing on or not. The metric helps an evaluator of a project determine the overall quality and efficiency of the investment. In essence the metric provides a person with information about the expected growth of a project which is valuable information for company such as Acme which wants to determine whether a foreign investment is worthwhile. There are pro and cons associated with the application or utilization of IRR in an international setting. One of the key advantages of

What The Dsm Attempts To Do Psychology Essay

What The Dsm Attempts To Do Psychology Essay DSM-IV is a classification of mental disorders that was developed for use in clinical, educational, and research settings. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV-TR, 2000 What the DSM attempts to do is have specific criteria for specific disorders, but at the same time, not have the manual be used in a cookbook fashion. Meaning that the specific diagnostic criteria in the DSM are meant to serve as guidelines concurrently with clinical judgment. As we all know, each disorder included in the DSM has a set of diagnostic criteria that signify what symptoms must be present in order to meet the criteria for a diagnosis. Conversely, there are some disorders where there are symptoms that must not be present in order for an individual to be eligible for the diagnosis. A strong point of this particular set-up of the DSM manual makes finding the disorder and its diagnostic criteria easier because of its conciseness. The use of the DSM diagnostic criteria to diagnose has been shown to increase diagnostic reliability (Mezzich, 2002). As noted above, the DSM-IV is a manual that helps outline mental disorders. A major strength is that healthcare professionals such as physicians, psychologist, psychiatrists, and others combined their resources and knowledge to create a universal manual (Well in the US anyways) (Speigel, January 3, 2005). Also, the DSM is used for appropriate coding for billing and insurance purposes which, for most psychologists, is imperative in order to receive reimbursement for treatment. Another strength of the DSM is that it allows researchers to gather a group of patients who meet the described criteria for the disorder, try different treatments, and compare the results. For example, a percentage of patients with social phobia might be helped by placebo, and if a greater number will be helped by a psycholeptic, or psychotherapy, or whatever the treatment is in their design, then one of these treatments can be found valuable. This is important because the idea of evidence based treatment appeal s to the general public, to the field, and is just common sense. Therefore, it is known that empirical data is more useful than untested theories and endless debates that are not proven by research. One weakness that I have found is the reoccurrence of including the social effects of disorders in the criteria by which the same disorders are identified (Widiger Sankis, 2000). It has been argued that when a person meets or exceeds the criteria for a disorder, the DSM does not satisfactorily take into account the context in which a person is living, and to what degree there is a disorder of an individual versus a psychological response to their negative environment (Chodoff, 2005). Therefore, should someone who is in a very poor living situation (emotional or physical abuse, in poverty, ect) these may be the sole factor for some their symptoms, so should it still be assessed in the criteria? Sometimes, an individuals quantity of impairment is often not correlated with symptom counts, and can stem from various individual and social factors, the DSMs standard of distress or disability can often produce false positives (Spitzer R.L., Wakefield J.C., 1999). However, the reality still is that some individuals who dont meet all the symptom criteria may still experience similar suffering or dysfunction in their life. The DSM-IV is practically known as a categorical classification system. The categories are models, and a patient with a high relation to the model is said to have that disorder. The DSM-IV (2000) states, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundariesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  At the same time, unique, mild, or non-criterion symptoms are not given any importance in the diagnosis (Maser, JD., Patterson, T., 2002). On the other hand, qualifiers are sometimes used when explaining the level of disorder; for example: mild, moderate or severe forms. For many the disorders, symptoms must be adequate to cause à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (APA, DSM-IV-TR, 2000) It has been said that ever since the DSM was created, it has been argued that its system of classification makes indiscrete categ orical distinctions between disorders, and uses somewhat random cut-offs between normal and abnormal (Widiger Coker, 2003, p. 3). I agree that the cut-offs seem a bit arbitrary, and though it is not always voiced, my professors seem to silently have the same opinion. It has been argued that rather than using a categorical approach, a fully dimensional or continuum approach may enhanced the diagnosis people and make it more individualized. (Dalal P.K., Sivakumar T., (2009). What I feel would make the next version DSM superior comes from a suggestion by Dr. Kraemer at the American Psychiatric Association 2007 Annual Meeting, in San Diego, California. (Busko, June 14, 2007) She stated that the purpose of a diagnostic system of mental health disorders, such as the DSM, is not to say what is normal or acceptable but to describe the presentation of a person who comes to get clinical help. The point being made is when a healthcare professional uses the DSM they have to answer this question,Does the patient fit this mental disorder category? Right now, there are only 2 options: Yes or No, which makes the DSM very categorical. However, a dimensional diagnosis, would give us 3 or more potential values that can be ordered. An example, provided by Dr. Kraemer was: While I think that having more than a binary option is a good idea, I am not sure about this Absolutely Sure or Unsure categorization that is presented. Yes, the diagnostic classification should lead to a diagnosis that is reliable and valid, but it should also trust in the professionals life experiences and knowledge in determining how any one disorder is presented in an individual. At the same time, I am cautious about having a classification system that starts running into subclinical diagnosis. I feel that this would lead into everyone leaving a psychologists or psychiatrists office with a disorder. One side note I would like to add, is that as it has been presented by the APA, the DSM-5 is leaning towards making Aspergers Syndrome a combined disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder. As a person who has a brother with Aspeger and having worked with the general Autistic community, I feel abhorred that such a thing would be considered. They are similar, but not the same thing. Especi ally when we are discussing an individuals ability to live independently and function in their community. For me, this would be like combining Schizoid personality disorder and Schizotypal personality disorder. Well, I will just stop my rambling for now. Hello Ms. XD, I hope you are doing well. After our evaluation and my consultation with my supervisor, we have determined that you have Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Within Panic Disorder, you can have panic attacks. A panic attack can described as an event of very intense fear or uneasiness that comes on rather quickly. People can experience Panic Disorder in different ways, but some of the symptoms are: chest pain, feeling like you are choking, a feeling like you might be dying, feeling like you may have not control of your emotions. You can also have hot flashes, chills, nausea, numbness, shortness of breath, sweating. fast heartbeat, or you may start shaking. Once again, these symptoms can start all of a sudden and usually gets more intense as time goes on, but these feelings usually peak within 10 minutes. You also have Agoraphobia along with your Panic Disorder. This means that you may have a strong fear of being in a difficult or embarrassing situation that you cannot escape from. Some people who have severe agoraphobia may not want leave home. There may be certain locations or situations that may make you concerned that you will have a panic attack. These feelings can have a big impact on your social, work, or educational life. It may make it difficult for you to be around others because you may be concerned that you will have another panic attack. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia is one of the most common anxiety disorders. Approximately 1-2% of the general public have this disorder. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia can start at anytime during someones life, but it usually starts in adolescence and mid 30s. It is rare to have Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia over the age of 45. So you fit the within common age range of occurrence. Also, with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, females are 3 times more likely than males to have it. If someone in your immediate family also has this disorder, you are 8 times more likely to get it. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia is generally considered chronic. This means that it is not likely to go away in the near future. However, the severity can go from very low to very high while you have Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. You may eventually stop having panic attacks, but it is common to still have the symptoms of agoraphobia. There are many reasons on how Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia happens, but there is no one direct cause. Some think there is only a genetic reason why this happens. That means that it is in your genes that were transferred on from your parents. It is also believed that panic disorder may be a learned behavioral response to stressful situations. This means that you may have learned at some point during your life that, maybe unconsciously, it was okay for you to react in a certain way and that is what has lead you to have panic attacks. It is also thought that some peoples brains are wired in a way that makes it easier and more common for them to have a panic attack. These are all possibly reasons why you have Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, but the important thing now is to look into what the best way to treat it. There are many different options. For medications, there are a variety to choose from, but the most common medicine to use is called an SSRI. Some medicines that you have h eard of before, such as Prozac and Zoloft, are SSRIs. You have about a 60% chance of being panic attack free if you stick with your meds. However, if you dont, it is very likely that you will have more panic attacks. Another choice is using a specific kind of psychotherapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. CBT is a type of therapy that helps you focus on how you think about things and how you behave. Within CBT is something called Panic Control Treatment. This would meant that you would experience the symptoms of a panic attack in a safe environment. Along with this you would learn deep breathing and relaxation. I highly recommend that you go with this therapy. Therapy and medicine can be combined, but that is up to your physician or psychiatrist to decide. Ms. XD, I hope the best for you and please let me know you if you have an issues or concerns.

Adapting International Accounting Standards Essay -- Accounting Inter

Companies in each country have to adapt and regulate their financial statements to certain requirements. They base and format their accounting standards on their national General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) set by security regulators. However, in this modern globalized era, owing to too many financial differences between nations, it is increasingly difficult for entities to compare their financial records and identify trends in their financial position and performance with their competitors. As an answer to such financial chaos, harmonisation consists of formulating one universal GAAP; accountants worldwide would subsequently be able to use one single standardized practice, which would, according to Weber (1992), improve financial market information, government accountability, facilitate international transactions and minimise exchange costs. However, harmonising standards remains a disputable answer in accounting. This paper will attempt to shed some light on the current debate about the pros and cons of adopting a universal set of accounting standards. International accounting standards are discussed, set and published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) which was formed in 2001. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was the predecessor of the IASB; its Foundation is to harmonise all worldwide GAAPs into one single set of accounting standards. According to Mogul (2003), harmonisation is defined as the constant process of ensuring that the GAAP of each country are formulated, aligned and updated to international best practices (GAAPs in other countries) with suitable modifications and fine tuning, considering each domestic condition. Harmonisation is thus wished by any financ... ... issue 7, pp. 975-992 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science (Accessed: 03 November 2010) Mogul, S. (2003) Harmonization of Accounting Standards. Available at: http://www.icai.org/resource_file/11430p681-684.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010) Blake, J. and Hossain, M. (1996) Readings in International Accounting. London: Routledge. Weber, C.M. (1992) ‘Harmonization of international accounting standards’, The National Public Accountant [Online]. Available at: http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting/methods-standards/339832-1.html (Accessed: 3 November 2010) Wittington, G. (2008) ‘Harmonisation or discord? The critical role of the IASB conceptual framework review’, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol. 27, issue 6, pp. 495-502 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science (Accessed: 03 November 2010)

Important assignment in History Class Essay

Reading: â€Å"Rules for Peasant Life in Japan-1619† In the â€Å"Rules for Peasant Life in Japan-1619,† the society is ruled by an authoritarian leader. Social inequality existed, wherein strong social and class differences among people were identified and reinforced through laws. Peasants were considered as people from â€Å"lowly origin† (Kanetaugu, 306). They were also expected to earn for their families, to pay their taxes, and to contribute to other public obligations. The ruling body was malevolent, because when peasants could not pay their taxes, they take away the peasants’ wives. The ruling class also indicated that they may do whatever they wish with these women, a clear sign of threat to the peasants. The ruling party even included that the elite can rape these women, and yet the peasants would be the ones, who would suffer because of tarnished images. In 1916 Japan, there was no gender quality, because women, who were found to have extramarital affairs, were immediately exiled, even when the proof was merely because they had excessive amount of tea reserves. At the same time, women were mandated to take care of their men and their basic needs, the whole day, as if they were slaves to their men. For instance, daughters and wives were required to â€Å"sew and weave China-grass† clothing for their men (Kanetaugu, 305). Wives and daughters should also serve their male family members and massage their feet afterwards. They must do the bidding of their male family members. Hence, this is a society remarked by authoritarian leadership, social inequality, and gender inequality. Reading: â€Å"The Declaration of the Rights of Women by Olympe de Gouges, 1791. † Olympe de Gouges (1791) describes a gender-equal social climate. It is a climate that allowed women to freely express their opinions and to fill public positions. It is also a climate that made women responsible for their errors. De Gouges is not asking for women to be exempted from the law. Instead, she states in Article VII: â€Å"No woman is an exemption†¦Women, like men, obey this rigorous law† (de Gouges, 416). For her, women are also strong enough to be held accountable for their mistakes. She also depicts a benign ruler, who will protect and advance equal rights and treatment for men and women. She also believes that sovereignty depends on the people, and on its most basic foundation, the â€Å"union of woman and man,† or in other words, the family (de Gouges, 416). This indicates libertarian views, wherein the voice of the people reigns supreme. de Gouges also demands public transparency of taxes and activities in Articles XIII and IX. Finally, de Gouges depicts a world, wherein men and women are equal in every regard. For her, women should not be given preferential treatment because of their gender, and at the same time, they must enjoy the same rights and opportunities for growth as men. Hence, the state must ensure that men and women both possess the rights to liberty, security, property, and protection from oppression. Reading: â€Å"Program for Cuba by Fidel Castro- 1956. † Fidel Cuba espouses a social climate that is based on socialism. Through socialism, the oppressed sectors that he identified- the unemployed, farm laborers, industrial workers, small farm workers, underpaid teachers and professionals, and small businesspeople- would be given the full right to change or abolish the Constitution, and free themselves from traditional social, political, and economic obstacles, through following the Five Revolutionary Laws. The ruling body is benign to the underprivileged sectors, whom Castro felt had been used by the politicians and companies to make profits out of their lives. The benign ruler also confiscates lands for large landowners to be distributed to all â€Å"planters, non-quota planters, lesses, share-croppers, and squatters who hold parcels of five caballerias of land or less† (Castro, 556). This ruler also ensures that workers are handsomely paid for their services, by having the right to share 30% of the profits of companies. The Fourth Revolutionary Law also provides fifty-percent share for laborers involved in sugar production. Hence, Castro aims to change the ownership of and access to the forces of production, so that the poor can improve the quality of their lives. Women were not particularly mentioned in this reading. Still, Castro also did not differentiate women from male workers and professionals. It is inferred that Castro also envisioned equality of the sexes, wherein men and women can finally have the resources that they need, in order to feel like real human beings, who can genuinely pursue self-development.

Anna Mae Pictou Aquash essays

Anna Mae Pictou Aquash essays Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash was born on March 27, 1945 in a small Indian village in Nova Scotia, Canada. She experienced extreme poverty in her childhood, on a small Mic-Mac Reservation. However, she learned of the richness of her peoples culture. She attended an off-reservation school where she could experience the harsh daily racial discrimination that caused most of her fellow Mic-Macs to drop out. She continued her education into high school until one day, she and her siblings came home to find that their mother had abandoned them. She then dropped out of school and turned to the only profession she knew, working the potato and berry harvest. In 1968, she joined the Natives Call for Equal Rights, Cultural Recognition and the Fulfillment of the Treaties, working as a volunteer in the Boston, MA Indian Councils headquarters. Her duties centered on helping young, urban Natives to develop self-esteem in an attempt to avoid alcohol abuse; which is very frequent in Indian communities. She became active in AIM (American Indian Movement) protesting not only for American Indian rights, but also for the negative image in which they are portrayed in American history. Aquash then began to working the Teaching and Research in Bicultural Education School Project (TRIBES). The curriculum consisted of traditional subjects as well as Indian history, values, and beliefs to ingest pride in the students. The project was successful, but it closed in 1972, when funding was cut. Later Anna engaged in teaching and assistance, and when offered a scholarship for Brandeis University, in Massachusetts, she declined it to continue her work i n the black and Indian communities. In 1972, Anna participated in AIMs promoted Trail of Broken Treaties March in Washington, D.C., an event that drew Indians from all places and the first time a national organization of Indians had faced a confrontation as a united people. In April of 1973,...

Hamlet Essays (2557 words) - Theatre, Literature, Fiction

Hamlet Essays (2557 words) - Theatre, Literature, Fiction Hamlet Hamlet is a play written by William Shakespeare that very closely follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. All revenge tragedies originally stemmed from the Greeks, who wrote and performed the first plays. After the Greeks came Seneca who was very influential to all Elizabethan tragedy writers. Seneca who was Roman, basically set all of the ideas and the norms for all revenge play writers in the Renaissance era including William Shakespeare. The two most famous English revenge tragedies written in the Elizabethan era were Hamlet, written by Shakespeare and The Spanish Tragedy, written by Thomas Kyd. These two plays used mostly all of the Elizabethan conventions for revenge tragedies in their plays. Hamlet especially incorporated all revenge conventions in one way or another, which truly made Hamlet a typical revenge play. Shakespeares Hamlet is one of many heroes of the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage who finds himself grievously wronged by a powerful figure, with no recourse to the law, and with a crime against his family to avenge. Seneca was among the greatest authors of classical tragedies and there was not one educated Elizabethan who was unaware of him or his plays. There were certain stylistic and different strategically thought out devices that Elizabethan playwrights including Shakespeare learned and used from Senecas great tragedies. The five act structure, the appearance of some kind of ghost, the one line exchanges known as stichomythia, and Senecas use of long rhetorical speeches were all later used in tragedies by Elizabethan playwrights. Some of Senecas ideas were originally taken from the Greeks when the Romans conquered Greece, and with it they took home many Greek theatrical ideas. Some of Senecas stories that originated from the Greeks like Agamemnon and Thyestes which dealt with bloody family histories and revenge captivated the Elizabethans. Senecas stories werent really written for performance purposes, so if English playwrights liked his ideas, they had to figure out a way to make the story theatrically workable, relevant and exciting to the Elizabethan audience who were very demanding. Senecas influence formed part of a developing tradition of tragedies whose plots hinge on political power, forbidden sexuality, family honor and private revenge. There was no author who exercised a wider or deeper influence upon the Elizabethan mind or upon the Elizabethan form of tragedy than did Seneca. For the dramatists of Renaissance Italy, France and England, classical tragedy meant only the ten Latin plays of Seneca and not Euripides, Aeschylus and Sophocles. Hamlet is certainly not much like any play of Senecas one can name, but Seneca is undoubtedly one of the effective ingredients in the emotional charge of Hamlet. Hamlet without Seneca is inconceivable. During the time of Elizabethan theater, plays about tragedy and revenge were very common and a regular convention seemed to be formed on what aspects should be put into a typical revenge tragedy. In all revenge tragedies first and foremost, a crime is committed and for various reasons laws and justice cannot punish the crime so the individual who is the main character, goes through with the revenge in spite of everything. The main character then usually had a period of doubt , where he tries to decide whether or not to go through with the revenge, which usually involves tough and complex planning. Other features that were typical were the appearance of a ghost, to get the revenger to go through with the deed. The revenger also usually had a very close relationship with the audience through soliloquies and asides. The original crime that will eventually be avenged is nearly always sexual or violent or both. The crime has been committed against a family member of the revenger. The revenger places himself outside the normal moral order of things, and often becomes more isolated as the play progresses-an isolation which at its most extreme becomes madness. The revenge must be the cause of a catastrophe and the beginning of the revenge must start immediately after the crisis. After the ghost persuades the revenger to commit his deed, a hesitation first occurs and then a delay by the avenger before killing the murderer, and his actual or acted out madness. The revenge must be taken out

Tort Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort Assignment - Essay Example Dickman. In Donoghue, Lord Atkin spoke in his judgment: â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be – persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in my contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into questions.† ([1932] AC 562 at p 580). This is known as the Neighbour Principle. In Anns, Lord Wilberforce identified the loss suffered by the complainants as material physical damage. Two (2) stages were laid down to establish the obligation: (1) whether or not, in a reasonable foresight of the defendant, lack of care may cause damage, injury or loss to the defendant. If in the positive, then there is a prima facie duty to care; and (2) in case of an affirmative answer, is there a necessity to limit the extent of said obligation. An example of the first test is the digging up of a big hole large enough to accommodate an adult. By leaving the hole open, it can be reasonably foreseen that any blind man without any companion may fall on said hole. Undoubtedly, there is an obligation on the part of the one who dug up the whole. On the other hand, an example of the second test is the injury suffered by a suspect of a robbery in the hands of a policeman who caught him in the act but attempted to fight back. Despite the injury suffered by the suspect, the policeman cannot be held liable because the injury was caused by his performance of duty. In Caparo, the two tests laid down in Anns were expanded, adding the following: is it fair to impose upon the defendant the obligation to care towards the complainant? Applying the above principles in the instant case, the liabilities of the parties are as follows: Arsane is liable for his tortious act. As mentioned earlier, every person is liable for the co nsequences of his acts. Here, Arsane knew as a carpenter that the wooden floor may have inflammable materials. He is supposed to understand that cigarette is not allowed in the workplace because it can become a source of fire. Presumably, Arsane knows his obligation to take good care of the premises as well as the materials therein. A duty to care exists on the part of Arsane, not just as a worker but also as a co-worker. However, since Arsane was very much taken away by the music, he allowed himself to light a cigarette and much worse, threw the same while still lighted, indoors! Such an act of gross negligence is definitely a clear breach of obligation to care. Arsane has absolutely no defence to justify his tortious act. Such an act of negligence caused severe damage. First, to Sir Dino, who suffered loss of properties and potential income. Second, to Benger, who suffered material physical damage due to loss of his right foot. However, Arsane cannot be made liable for the nervous shock suffered by Benger’s wife, twin sister, and mother due to lack of proximity. Although the nervous shock suffered by the three was directly related to the injury suffer

Why do student cheat and what should the consequences be Research Paper

Why do student cheat and what should the consequences be - Research Paper Example Many students plagiarize and are caught. The truth is that in order to provide depth of research, a writer will need to combine primary and secondary sources. In the sciences, for example, raw data is important, but how that data has been interpreted by others, over the years, is also very significant. You need to cite that work and not merely present it as your own. It is important to use academic libraries, online databases such as ProQuest, and Google Books and Scholar, in order to find these sources and put them into action. Beware collecting or holding on to irrelevant information, which is sometimes a temptation. It is easy to get sidetracked and create a â€Å"bulge†Ã¢â‚¬â€a part or paragraph of the essay that has no real connection with the thesis. It is also easy to forget where your work starts and where someone else s begins. That is how a lot of plagiarism begins. You copy a lot of quotes into your paper hoping to use them and cite them properly, but over the week s you begin to forget what work is yours and what work is not. There are many examples of this happening to students (Richardson). An article by Sue McGowan and Margaret Lightbody provides a lot of useful information about plagiarism and its consequences. The authors of this paper are deeply concerned about it. They suggest that instead of threatening to punish students who plagiarize work, a more effective approach is to educate them about the affects and consequences of plagiarism. The authors describe an experiment to help educate accounting students. The study asked students a number of important questions relating to plagiarism. For example, when is it necessary to cite references. What does it mean to paraphrase? What are the potential punishments or disciplinary actions for performing an act of plagiarism? The authors concluded that providing students with an incentive to put references in their work is a good way to avoid acts of plagiarism. They

Recruitment, management, leadership, team work and individual Essay

Recruitment, management, leadership, team work and individual motivation - Essay Example Leaders and managers are assigned for the purpose of monitoring, controlling, judging and organizing the workforce using specific techniques. The most popular and effective technique to control and manage the workforce is to motivate them using motivational techniques. Motivating a team of workers and individuals in an organization would encourage them to work efficiently and enthusiastically. The overall objective of this paper is to assess the different methods of recruiting, selecting, managing, leading and motivating the workforce of any business (Sharma, 2000, pp. 76). Section 1 Recruitment of new staff members: An advertisement is given by a company to fill a vacancy for a floor supervisor in a factory of canned foods. The company will give an advertisement which would include the job description, requirements, person specifications and all the relevant information which is needed for an applicant to chose, apply and qualify for the job. The advertisement will be like the docum entation prepared below. Job Advertisement: Floor Supervisor-Production Floor Manufacturing Company Salary: $20,000 per annum, negotiable as per experience and qualifications. Date posted: 1-05-13 Closing date: 15-05-13 Contact: Steve Jones (Branch Manager) A manufacturing company is looking for a supervisor for their production floor. The supervisor will be the team leader, and will have a respectable position in the factory. The supervisor will be responsible for the work performance of the workers working under him on that floor. The workers with him will be a part of his team. The purpose of this job is to have a team leader that will guide and monitor the performance of the workers working in the production department, the supervisor will be answerable for the faults and errors seen in the production floor and will be given the authority to direct the workers in the best possible way. The person specification for this job is that the applicant must be a graduate because all the work with the machinery is technical and requires great skill. The applicant must have at least one year experience of working in a factory with machinery. The skills and attributes must be that of a good leader, must have good communication skills, and must be able to supervise effectively. The applicant must be physically active and need to be on feet during working hours. Overall the applicant must be friendly, honest, patient and responsible. Job Description: Description: Floor Supervisor Job Purpose: The purpose of this job is to have a team leader that will guide and monitor the performance of the workers working in the production department, the supervisor will be answerable for the faults and errors seen in the production floor and will be given the authority to direct the workers in the best possible way. Main duties: Monitoring the production process Responsible for labor attendants Allocation of the duties amongst the workers Job rotation of the workers Solving conflicts if any arise between workers Responsible for the individual development needs of the workers Reporting to the manager for any maintenance and repairs needed in the machinery Managing discipline on the production floor Training new workers Suitable applicants will be short listed for the interview. The candidate will be introduced to the managers and will be assessed on his confidence and body language. Impact of legal, regulatory and ethical considerations on recruitment and selection: The recruitment process

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Emotional Intelligence Essay The article titled, The Emotional Intelligence of Leaders, written by Daniel Goleman, emphasizes on the emotional intelligence aspect of leadership and discusses various points regarding emotional intelligence in leaders and in people in general. There is a clear separation of raw intelligence technical expertise from that of emotional intelligence. It is explained that raw intelligence and technical expertise are the basic skills and capabilities required of a leader, but that emotional intelligence is the element that, combined with the basic skills, makes up a successful leader. It involves demonstrating qualities of the heart, in that leaders should be able to connect with people on a human level, in addition to possessing the basic leadership skills. Following the discussion of the anatomy of emotions, the article describes that there are five main elements of emotional intelligence that are explained in the article, including self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating others, showing empathy, and staying connected, which is then proceeded by a discussion of raising your EQ. In the discussion of the anatomy of emotions, the amygdala is said to be a structure in the limbic system that stores emotional memory and perceptions. Some of these memories can include being happy, sad, and angry. When a situation occurs, you go back to your emotional memory to process a response or reaction. The first main element of emotional intelligence is self-awareness. In terms of leadership, self-awareness is described as a capability that allows one to have and to practice self-confidence and self-assessment. Self-assessment allows you to pay attention and properly assess the natural feelings that occur when faced with situations or decisions as a leader. It is important for a leader to have these natural gut feelings and to appropriately process and incorporate these feelings into leadership decisions. In doing so, a leader will possess a sense of self-confidence in their actions and decision making. It is what gives a person the sense of gallantry in their leadership role. The second element of emotional intelligence is managing emotions, which is explained as the ability to deal with ones own stress and impulsivity,  especially in terms of anger, anxiety, and sadness. In doing so, one can pay more attention to situations and decisions that they are faced with as a leader, and less attention on the emotional disturbance that is faced with being rudderless in managing their emotions. By managing your emotions and practicing self-control, leaders can avoid poor decision making and will demonstrate improved leadership abilities. The next element described is motivating others, which involves management and leaders to be able to emotionally motivate and inspire others. Optimism is explained to be an important aspect of motivating others. It is said that the optimist can deal with setbacks better than the pessimist. In the event of a setback, an optimist leader would be able to overcome the issue and try again, learning from the setback and striving to push forward toward the goal or mission. Whereas the pessimist would give up, demonstrating a lack of ability to motivate their team. The ability to motivate others is a strong quality of emotional intelligence in leadership. Another element described in the article is showing empathy, which is the ability to read emotions of others, and again, connecting with people on a human level. Empathy shows your team a sense of connection and that you care about what they are feeling. Often, when empathy is not present, people can feel unappreciated and disconnected, leaving them overwhelmed and probably not at their best performance. It is crucial that leaders stay connected and in tune with their workforce. The last element is staying connected, which describes the ability to make and maintain a connection with your people. A leader should demonstrate a positive presence, and show their keenness and optimistic attitudes as this will reflect on their team and, most likely, will have a direct affect on how their workforce reacts. Expressing these kinds of emotions will surely have an influence on the team. Additionally, this will also contribute to the teams potential and performance, which is always a goal of a manager or leader. The final section of the article explains the ability to raise your EQ or  emotional intelligence. It is the qualities of the heart that make up ones emotional intelligence, and although much of it comes naturally, some can still be taught. It takes desire, dedication, and coaching to successfully increase your emotional intelligence. In summary, it is emotional intelligence and the ability to connect with people on a human level, including understanding peoples emotions as well as expressing your own in an appropriate leadership manner, that gives leaders the fully rounded skill set to effectively lead people. Leaders should certainly possess raw intelligence and technical expertise, but more importantly, they must know how to connect with their teams and stay in touch with their emotions, as well as demonstrate positive emotions themselves. Emotional intelligence is something that can be learned, but is also a human ability that can come naturally to many at a young age. Leaders, in any environment, should understand the importance of emotional intelligence and the effects that it has on themselves, their teams, and the overall performance within their groups. The article titled, Thought Leadership: a radical departure from traditional, positional leadership, written by Mitch McCrimmon, discusses the differences of shared or distributed leadership, leaderful organizations, and thought leadership, while focusing on thought leadership as a new and emerging leadership style that is shaped differently from the traditional positional leadership style. There are three main sections of the article, including new leadership, what is thought leadership, and the key characteristics of thought leadership. In discussing _the new leadership_ style of thought leadership, the article explains that, unlike leaderful organizations and shared leadership, thought leadership does not involve the traditional managerial roles that are identified as leaders. Rather, the thought leadership involves individual innovative employees that demonstrate an ability to challenge a current status or process and provide new ideas to better a project or an organization as a whole. The discussion of _what is thought leadership_ provides insight of the abilities of a thought leader, and describes some skills that thought leaders do not need to possess. A though leader has the abilities to advocate new ideas that merit attention, whether by corporate management, co-workers, customers, and even market industries. An individual possessing this type of leadership style can be thought of as innovative individual and a thinker. Thought leaders, however, do not need to possess the traditional positional managerial skills, and can even lack the typical leadership skills, such and motivational skills. In fact, thought leaders to not need to oversee projects, be decision-makers, or manage task execution. The new idea can be presented in discussion, argument, and by presentation. It is usually up to a hierarchical management team to actually execute the new idea. The final section consisted of the _key characteristics of thought leadership_, in which some key points are identified. Just to name a few, thought leadership does not always start with management and work downward. In fact, it can start with employees and move upward to a management level. It is not limited to internal sources, and can originate from external sources outside of an organization. Thought leadership is typically not tasked or identified as a position in an organization, but is a naturally organic ability. However, in most cases, it requires some ability to influence or convince people that the new idea will provide value. In summary, thought leadership differs from the traditional positional leadership, such as shared leadership and leaderful organizations, in that it does not require the typical managerial and leadership skills. It relies on individual innovativeness and the ability to convey your new ideas and convince that your ideas will provide value. Of the two articles summarized, I believe that the article on emotional intelligence was more convincing. I say this because the article on thought leadership was more informational and provided a different outlook on leadership styles and abilities, whereas the article on emotional intelligence pointed out a type of intelligence that is required to be a  good leader. Emotional intelligence allows us to connect with our emotions, and the emotions of our teams, which I believe is critical in almost any leadership role where a group of people report to one first-line leader. That one leader should be able to relate to the human senses that drive people, and motivate them as employees and people, as well as encourage them to excel. In my own personal experiences, I have seen an extreme lack of ability in leaders to connect with people and deal with emotions, whether their own emotions or their teams emotions. This has surely led to my perception of incompetence in these particular leaders. In one situation, I had a leader that I felt very fond of and very confident in their ability to lead, until one day they showed a moment of breaking down (actually crying in the office) and it left me feeling a poor sense of morale in the organization and the leadership at hand. I think the emotional display was unnecessary and should have been handled privately. In this case, the individual lacked the ability to manage their emotions. With respect to thought leadership, I have not had any prior introduction to the topic, but in reading and understanding the article, I believe that I possess some thought leadership abilities. I say this because I often offer new ideas to improve processes and operations. In my most recent job, I came on board and within two weeks, identified several areas that needed improvement and offered ideas to improve these processes. With approval from management, I began to execute these new processes. Understanding that it is not necessarily up the thought leader to actually execute, I was faced with a lack of resources and decided to take the initiative to fully execute. In comparison, I believe that emotional intelligence is required to be a good leader, and a thought leader is not required to be emotionally intelligent; however; emotional intelligence should be a quality of most leaders. As stated in the Thought Leadership article, emotional intelligence is not essential for thought leadership. () As both aspects of leadership are great abilities to possess, they are not both required to be any particular type of leader. Personally, I believe that as a thought leader can live in  anyone, it takes a special ability to be in touch with your emotions and the emotions of the team, an ability that I believe is especially crucial in leading people. REFERENCES: Goleman, D. (1998). The Emotional Intelligence of Leaders. _Leader to Leader_, (10), 20-26. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. McCrimmon, M. (2005). Thought leadership: a radical departure from traditional, positional leadership. _Management Decision_, 43(7/8), 1064-1070. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global.