How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race

Imagine a world where everyone had brown skin. Tens of thousands of years ago, that was the case, say scientists at Pennsylvania State University. So, how did white people get here? The answer lies in that tricky component of evolution known as a genetic mutation. Out of Africa It has long been assumed in scientific circles that Africa is the cradle of our human civilization​ and that it was there that our  ancestors shed most of their body hair around  2 million years ago. They quickly evolved dark skin for protection from skin cancer and other harmful effects of UV radiation. Then, says a 2005 study conducted at Penn State, when humans began leaving Africa 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, a skin-whitening mutation appeared randomly in a sole individual. That mutation proved advantageous as humans moved into Europe. Why? Because it allowed the migrants increased access to vitamin D, which is crucial to absorbing calcium and keeping bones strong. Sun intensity is great enough in equatorial regions that the vitamin can still be made in dark-skinned people despite the ultraviolet shielding effects of melanin, explains  Rick Weiss of the Washington Post, which reported on the findings.  But in the north, where sunlight is less intense and more clothing must be worn to combat the cold, melanins ultraviolet shielding could have been a liability. Just a Color This makes sense, but did scientists identify as well a bona fide race gene? Hardly. As the Post notes, the scientific community maintains that race is a vaguely defined biological, social and political concept...and skin color is only part of what race is—and is not. Scientists still say that race is more of a social construct than a scientific one because people of the so-called same race have more distinctions in their DNA than people of different races do. In fact, scientists posit that all people are roughly 99.5 percent genetically identical. The Penn State researchers findings on the skin-whitening gene show that skin color accounts  for a minuscule biological difference between humans. The newly found mutation involves a change of just one letter of DNA code out of the 3.1 billion letters in the human genome—the complete instructions for making a human being, the Post reports. Skin Deep When the research was first published, scientists and sociologists feared that the identification of this skin-whitening mutation would lead people to argue that whites, blacks, and others are somehow inherently different.  Keith Cheng, the scientist who led the team of Penn State researchers, wants the public to know thats not so. He told the Post, I think human beings are extremely insecure and look to visual cues of sameness to feel better, and people will do bad things to people who look different. His statement captures what racism is in a nutshell. Truth be told, people may look different, but theres virtually no difference in our genetic makeup. Skin color really is just skin deep. Not so Black and White Scientists at Penn State continue to explore the genetics of skin color. In  a study published in Science on October 12, 2017, researchers report their findings of even greater variants in skin color genes among native Africans. Such diversity, says  evolutionary geneticist Sarah Tishkoff, the lead author of the study, likely means that we cant even speak of an African race, much less a white one.

The Nile River Essay - 1578 Words

Despite the large size of the African continent and the many geographical factors that encompass it, there is seemingly one stream of water that virtually everyone in the world knows, the Nile River. What most do not know is that the Nile originates from two separate locations, with two major tributaries. The tributary in the east, the Blue Nile, begins from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and the tributary in the west, the White Nile, begins in Uganda. Both travel hundreds of miles until they reach their confluence in Khartoum, Sudan, where they merge into the mighty Nile River. Similar to this idea of two smaller distinct rivers forming one larger and more recognizable one is the relationship between the local and the global in African-American history. Just as the White and Blue Niles come together to form the imperative Nile river, the U.S. based Civil Rights Movement and the struggle for freedom in colonial states across the world are two imperative parts of a struggle against oppression. The authors of the readings present the idea that the local and the global are two necessary parts of whole, filled with intertwining events and aspects. In this essay, I will discuss the mutually beneficial goals of the domestic civil rights movement international movements abroad, along with how they affected one another. Although we often focus on African-American history in a domestic sense, global anti-colonial pan-African goals are tightly inter-related with civil rights movement,Show MoreRelatedThe Nile River984 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided to settle in the lower Nile river valley where they adapted to a lifestyle of farming. These settlers discovered the various uses of the Nile River, created a form of government and society, a working life, and certain religious beliefs. The Nile River was used for several more things than just water supply. Egypt was a land where rain seldom fell, so the Nile was the main resource for everything. The essential use of it was agriculture. Water of the Nile flooded the land between the hillsRead MoreThe Nile River-Egypt1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nile River is arguably one of the most important water sources in the world and has an extremely rich history dating back thousands of years. Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization would have never existed. Egypt is basically a whole lot of sand and not much else, except they have the Nile River flowing through it, on it’s way to the Mediterranean sea. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River and it provided them with abundant water, food (fish) and the opportunity to developRead MoreThe Nile River Essay3257 Words   |  14 PagesThe Nile River The Nile is 6,690 km long, extending through 35 degrees of latitude as it flows from south to north. Its basin covers approximately one-tenth of the African continent, with a catchment area of 3,007,000 km ², which is shared by eight countries: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Zaire. Its main sources are found in Ethiopia and the countries around Lake Victoria. All alongRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Nile River733 Words   |  3 Pagesthriving civilisation based along the banks of the Nile River. Developing a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet is proof of their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. They developed a writing system called hieroglyphs, that combined pictures and symbols which later turned to be an alphabet. This is proof of their intelligence in becoming an advanced civilisation. The Nile River attracted animal life such as birds and fishRead MoreThe Ways Of The Nile River1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nile River was important for the rise of successful states in North Africa not only because it provided a form of transportation but it also provided the land with water and nutrients which allowed for a very successful agriculture. The Nile River flows through Egypt, Zaire, Rwanda, Tanzanian, Sudan, Ethopia, Kenya, Uganda and Burundi and i s the largest river in the world. North Africa is composed of six countries, which include Western Sahara, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and LibyaRead MoreExamination of the Nile River652 Words   |  3 Pagesthe influence of the Nile river on ancient Egypt shows that geography and environment play significant roles in the development and interaction of the societies found within them. The ancient historian Herodotus even referred to Egypt as the gift of the Nile (Hanna). This is true at the most fundamental level: without the Nile most of Egypt would be a nearly uninhabitable desert. However, this claim is true on many more levels as well. Water was not the only gift that the Nile brought. Its yearlyRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesMesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"between two rivers.† The landRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Nile River1287 Words   |  6 Pagesgeography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-m ile stretch of the Nile. Every year, the Nile flooded because of heavy precipitation to the south and brought fertile soil to the Egyptians. But the Nile wasn t the only geographic feature that that helped and benefitted the EgyptiansRead MoreNile River : The Major Source Of Water And Soils1165 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Nile River is the major source of water and soils in Egypt. Silt is the main soil component of it. The Nile is one of the international rivers; it passes through ten countries in Africa, and divided into two branches; Rosetta and Damietta at the end. Hydro-geochemical study of Rosetta branch was done. The geochemical processes which control the water quality and its suitability for drinking, fishing and irrigation purposes was evaluated. Thus the hydro-environmental status is studied. FifteenRead MoreHow Did The Nile River Affect Ancient Egypt833 Words   |  4 Pages The Nile River shaped the civilization of Ancient Egypt in many different and important ways, which includes agriculturally, geographically, and economically. It allowed them to grow crops in the harsh Sahara Desert. The Nile River determined where the Egyptians made their cities and settlements. It also allowed them to form a civilization with a booming economy when there was still wooly mammoths roaming the Earth. Th e Nile River was an essential in order for both ancient and modern Egypt to form

Sisters, Sisters free essay sample

Having a sister is both a gift and a curse anyway you look at it. A sister is great to have because no matter where you go or what you do, you will always have a best friend and mentor. And because she’s family, your sister has to accept you for who you are. Later in life, you realize that your sister has basically become a part of you.† On the downside, having a sister also means unfair comparisons and sharing the spotlight. If your sister is a show-off, like mine, you look forward to the day she finally moves into a college dorm. You think your life will be bliss. But suddenly you see your best friend isn’t around anymore. And you realize that having her back is worth more than anything in the world. It’s just as they say, you don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone. We will write a custom essay sample on Sisters, Sisters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because I grew up with a sister, I was never too concerned with making friends at school. Whether I had friends or not, I still had my sister. I could tell her anything, literally. When we couldn’t sleep, we used to meet up and talk for hours. And because we lived with each other our whole life, we had thousands of inside jokes that no one else would understand. My sister and I even have many of the same interests, which includes watching detective shows. We always loved pretending to be FBI agents when our parents weren’t home or someone was at the door. You could even say we kept an eye on our neighborhood, by watching out for any â€Å"strange activity.† My sister is also my tutor and mentor. I always ask her about certain classes or teachers because she already had them. And because she’s my sister, she would always help me with my homework. Academically, she’s a great role model, which makes her the best tutor I could ever ask for. But in the real world, she makes mistakes, just like everyone else; and I learn from them; now I know to NEVER buy a motor scooter. In a way, older sisters are like prototypes; they go through everything first so you know exactly what to do. Now that we’ve both gotten older, I have realized that sisters can be somewhat of a pain. I can remember all the times my sister has manipulated, and made fun of me as we were growing up. But then again, whose sibling hasn’t done that to them? In my family, academics are really important. Exhibit A: my sister. Everyone knows what a genius she is. That’s great and all, but now I have to live under her shadow. I will always be compared to her just because she’s my sister. On top of all that, my sister is a show-off. Whether she’s making cookies or taking an AP test, she must do better than everyone else AND rub it in their face. This â€Å"trait† of hers has made me a shy person, always able to entertain myself. But on the up side, it has also made me the kind and humble person I am today. For the few months that my sister was applying to college, I began to hate her. Everything was about her†¦Susie this, Susie that. She had my parents working on financial aid forms for weeks! So I couldn’t wait till the day we finally moved her in to her dorm. But only after a few weeks of her being gone did I realize the sad part of her going to college; I don’t have my best friend with me wherever I go. Now I have to deal with the annoying cousins on my own. She’s not there to answer any questions I have about school. She’s not there when I can’t sleep. She’s not even there when I just want to play outside. So I guess the saying is true, you don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone. For all the bad memories I have of my sister, there are twice as many good ones, filled with jokes, laughs, and fun times. Having a sister shapes who you are as a person. My showy and driven sister has made me tolerant and humble. When you have a sister you get along with, it’s hard to find a friend that can fill that void. As Barbara Mathis once said, â€Å"Your sister is your other self. She is your alter ego, your reflection, your foil, your shadow.†

E Business Technology And Its Application - Free Sample Solution

Question: Select a new (developed/implemented from 2012/onwards) E-Business Technology/Application. Discuss the key advantageous features of the technology/application when compared with the alternatives available. As well as the key advantages, identify and discuss key limitations of the technology as well as the risks associated with its implementation. Answer: Executive Summary The report manly focuses on the modern technologies and applications that has been implemented in the ecommerce business for the ease of the customers as well as organizations. This report has focused on the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technology such as ContentTECH, X-Cart 4.6.6 and Oracle Cloud Marketplace extensively. Introduction With the increase in penetration of internet and availability online shopping sites, the E- Business is flourishing day by day and is adopting new technologies for the welfare of the customers and the companies. The adaptations of new technologies help in making the companies more presentable and tech savvy for competiting with the modern world (Du, 2013). Due to the vast availability of internet and usage of Smartphones the rush of using online shopping sites have it has increased to a considerable rate. In order to stay in competition, the companies are working hard to implement modern applications and technology for the benefit of the customers (Polgar Adamson, 2013). This report will be dealing with the implementation or development of some modern technology or application in the areas such as E-Marketing, Online shopping Carts and Mobile Communication. The advantages, disadvantages and key limitations of the technologies along with comparism with the alternative technologies will also be done. E- Marketing With the introduction of Content marketing technique, evolution of ContentTECH technology has taken place that helped E-marketing in reaching a new era of modernization. This is because; according to Guo (2012) this is a technique that helps in providing relevant, valuable and upgraded content for attracting the well defined customers with an intention to make profit from customers. It is basically an ability of communication with the customers without selling anything and is a non interrupting marketing process. Through this process, only information of the products and services are given to the customers making them intelligent and wise to make a wise decision. Companies such as Microsoft, Cisco Systems etc. have adopted Content marketing as an upgraded technology for their business (Shen, 2013). Advantages of Content TECH ContentTECH helps in making money- This is because; it is widely used among technology marketers and is a non interrupting technology. Vasileiadis (2014) commented on the fact that it only provides information about the products and services to the customer thereby asking them to decide wisely for purchase. The customers after getting all the information becomes emotionally attached to the organization and hence ends up buying products and services from it. So, according to Blasco-Arcas, Hernandez-Ortega Jimenez-Martinez (2013) this technology helps in getting emotionally bonded to the customers that motivates the customers to buy products and services from the organizations. This ultimately helps in gaining profits from the customers and also helps in increasing customer database. Helps in pulling up unexpected new customers- Through application of this technology, it helps in attracting a huge customer database consisting of old customers as well as new unexpected customers. Saldanha Krishnan (2012) had a view that through this technique the organization needs to keep itself active in the blogging section and social media sites where updates regarding the hot offers and discounts can be displayed. Cheaper compared to other alternative marketing forms and no force marketing- According to Smythe (2012) usage of this technique makes shopping easier and cheaper in compared to other forms of marketing. The customers come to know about the market prices of the product, get authentic information regarding the products and services and can later buy it. The customers only need to invest some of their precious time, patience and effort for a better return. In addition to this, Kauffman Tallon (2014) using this technology, the organization never forces the customers for the products and services rather than giving information. This gives the customers a relaxation to from getting forced and thereby feels pleased which leads to buying products from those e-commerce organizations. Helps in building relationship with the customers- Since, this technology is quite clear and transparent and enriches the customers with knowledge and experience, it easily makes a good and a reliable relationship with the customers. Zhong (2013) had commented on the fact that this relationship helps the company in gaining profit and customers and thereby makes the company competitive in nature. Limitations and risks of ContentTECH Risk of duplicity- When a company uses content marketing technique there is always a fear of getting the content duplicated by the other sites (Xu, 2013). Maybe the other sites are using the same content but the search engine fails to recognize the actual source of the content. Inconsistent- Another major disadvantage is that the marketing output doesnt always reflect the requirements and identification of the company (Burinskiene Burinskas, 2012). This inconsistency can lead to the failure of content marketing. Online Shopping Carts Now days the trend of selling products and services over the internet became a major part of e-commerce. According to Yu Liu (2014) in order to keep a pace with the changing technology based competitive business, new technologies regarding online shopping carts has emerged. It is believed that good and innovative shopping cart software can attract the customers and can help in making half the business for a company. A new version of the technology of online shopping cart named X-Cart 4.6.6 has emerged for improving the old online shopping cart and has a lot many features for attracting the customers (Du, 2013). Advantages of X-Cart 4.6.6 online shopping carts Affordable rates- This technology has helped the users in reaching a new technology based era of online shopping. Guo (2012) had commented that the prices are quiet competitive and affordable to the users in comparism to Oscommerce MS2.2 which takes both money and time for installation of the add-ons. This makes the shopping much easier and comfortable. In addition this, the maintenance cost is also low which is also an added flavor to the users. Moreover, according to Vasileiadis (2014) there are awesome design templates that have been added to the new version where the users can choose the template from a wide range and can start customizing it. This low price of this technology in this competitive world makes it easily attractive to the customers. Highest security and fast process- The technology is quite secure and reliable to the users. The software is quite fast and can run on any server which is in contrast to Magneto which runs quite slow. Moreover Polgar Adamson (2013) had a view that the latest version of X-Cart 4.6.6 runs nearly 5 times more than the previous versions. It is so designed that it is commercially supported and maintains a high level of security of the user data. This maintenance of data integrity makes it more consumable and reliable to the users. In addition to this, presence of number of payment gateways like Google Checkout PayPal etc helps in secure shopping (Shen, 2013). So, in this tech savvy world, where data security has become a main issue, there this software gives a huge priority to the data integration which helps it to make a position among the customers. Attractive user-interface and easy to understand- X-Cart is very simple to use and has no complexity at all in comparism to other shopping carts such as Magento which is an overly engineered complex system. According to Saldanha Krishnan (2012) the users having no idea of programming can easily set up the store according to the necessities. This is because, no changes in coding is necessary rather than selecting the skin that suits best in the admin. In addition to this using the modern tools of the software, the user can easily modify the shopping cart. These features help in increasing the customer database of this technology. Easy Customization- X-Cart can be easily customized and the options of customizations are unlimited but that doesnt expect to have technical knowledge of the users to use it to the fullest. Smythe (2012) commented on the fact that this is an added advantage compare to other online shopping carts such as 3D Cart where users cant access the source code which limits their customization options. Moreover, the updated version has an additional application that supports global languages and easily converts the currency of different countries thereby helping the business in getting global (Smythe 2012). These lucrative features made the software hold a prestigious position in the e-business. Figure 1: Customer Preference (Source: Burinskiene Burinskas, 2012, pp. 48) Limitations and risks of X-Cart 4.6.6 online shopping carts Licensing fees for the system- The main limitation of this shopping cart is that it will get technical support but it is paid. In addition to this, according to Smythe (2012) the licensing fees are quite high along with the high installation charges. The upgrading of the software makes it more vulnerable to hack and the upgrading path becomes harder. Mobile Communication/Business Technologies In this modern era of technology, mobiles play a pivotal role in e-business. This is because, it is the easiest and less time consuming method adopted by the companies to get connected to the customers. Yu Liu (2014) commented on the fact that with the introduction of cloud computing, the business technologies have reached a new era of modernization. Oracle Cloud Marketplace is a technology that is introduced by Oracle has a lot of business application that can be used through android based mobile phones, tablets and iPhones. By using this application, the Oracle partners can easily reach their Oracle customers. Advantages of Oracle Cloud Marketplace Easy to use and secure- This technology is quite easy to use since it is a technology in the global market where the partners can easily publish applications. The customers can browse through it and get new solutions that will be best fitted to their business. In addition to this, according to Hwang, Fox Dongarra (2012) the Oracle Cloud marketplace helps the customers in finding, evaluating and buying new and innovative applications. The application can be used for growing the business to a prestigious level and also enables the users to get access, develop and publish as well as monetize the applications. In addition to this, Smythe (2012) had commented that Oracle Cloud marketing secures the data of the customers and helps in maintaining data integrity which is also an added advantage of this technology. This helps in attracting a lot of customers to utilize this technology and increases it customer database. Have lot of applications and helps in marketing- A lot many features of this technology have made it lucrative to the customers. Zhong (2013) commented on the fact that the applications such as lead generation, reporting, channel management, quoting, productivity tools, forecasting, compensation management, sales etc has made this technology in growing their business and reach a competitive edge. Moreover, according to Smythe (2012) this technology also has its application in infrastructure services and social platforms. This ultimately makes the technology gain a prestigious position among the customers and help them in getting full control on E-business. Disadvantages of Oracle Cloud Marketplace Costly in nature- Though the technology finds a huge application in the e-commerce business of the organizations, the major disadvantage of it is its high cost of implementation in the business (Zhong, 2013). In addition to this, the cost of maintenance is also high. For this, reason, many of the customers are giving a second thought on installation of this technology. Recommendations Along with the innovation of upgraded technologies and applications, the e-business is also getting modernized. The new technologies and applications have helped the e-business of the organizations in reaching a competitive edge. It is seen that the modern technologies have both pros and cons. The organizations dealing with the innovation of these technologies and applications need to put more focus on the data security, duplicity, easy usage and cost of using it. This is because, the customers are leaned towards those technologies which are easy to use, cost effective and keep their data integrated and safe. Conclusion Throughout this report it is discussed about the modern technologies and applications that are invented and integrated into the e-commerce business for the ease of the customers. In addition to this, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technology and application are discussed elaborately and vividly. This helps in showing where the applications and technologies find their utilization the best and which areas they are lagging behind and still need to be improved in order to give a full satisfaction to the e-commerce organizations and the customers. Reference List Books Du, Z. (2013)Intelligence computation and evolutionary computation, Berlin: Springer Hwang, K., Fox, G., Dongarra, J. (2012) Distributed and cloud computing, Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann Kauffman, R. Tallon, P. (2014)Economics, Information Systems, and Electronic Commerce, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis Xu, B. (2013)2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Management Science (ICITMS 2012) proceedings, Berlin: Springer Zhong, S. (2013)Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Cybernetics and Informatics, New York, NY: Springer Polgar, J. Adamson, G. (2013) Web portal design, implementation, integration, and optimization, Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global Journals Blasco-Arcas, L., Hernandez-Ortega, B. Jimenez-Martinez, J. (2013) Adopting television as a new channel for e-commerce: The influence of interactive technologies on consumer behavior,Electron Commer Res,13(4), 457-475 Burinskiene, A. Burinskas, A. (2012) Consumer Demand: E-Commerce or Traditional Technologies,Ecoman, 17(3), pp. 45-63 Guo, M. (2012) A Comparative Study on Consumer Right to Privacy in E-Commerce,ME,03(04), pp. 78-84 Saldanha, T. Krishnan, M. (2012) Organizational Adoption of Web 2.0 Technologies: An Empirical Analysis,Journal of Organizational Computing And Electronic Commerce,22(4), 301-333 Shen, H. (2013) An Exploration of Information Push Technologies in E-Commerce, AMR,pp.756-759 Smythe, R. (2012) Practical aspects of modern interferometry for optical manufacturing quality control: Part 2,Advanced Optical Technologies,1(3), pp. 57-68 Vasileiadis, A. (2014) Security Concerns and Trust in the Adoption of M-Commerce,Social Technologies,4(1), 179-191 Yu, J. Liu, W. (2014) New Information and Communication Technologies' Application Process and Pattern of Commerce,AMM,530-531, 743-750